“自主的”用英语怎么说

在非自主的系统中, f是t的显函数.In a nonautonomous system, f is explicitly a function of t.这当然不是林业学的一种自主的发展.This of course was not an autonomous development of forest science.学生们能够自主的解决这些问题.The students are able to solve the problems ...